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- $Unique_ID{BRK04223}
- $Pretitle{}
- $Title{Sirenomelia Sequence}
- $Subject{Sirenomelia Sequence Mermaid Syndrome Sirenomelus Caudal Regression
- Syndrome Caudal Dysplasia Sequence }
- $Volume{}
- $Log{}
-
- Copyright (C) 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
-
- 777:
- Sirenomelia Sequence
-
- ** IMPORTANT **
- It is possible that the main title of the article (Sirenomelia Sequence)
- is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the
- alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
-
- Synonyms
-
- Mermaid Syndrome
- Sirenomelus
-
- Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related
- Disorders section of this report:
-
- Caudal Regression Syndrome (Caudal Dysplasia Sequence)
-
- General Discussion
-
- ** REMINDER **
- The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for
- educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment
- purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please
- contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources"
- section of this report.
-
- Sirenomelia Sequence is a birth disorder in which a child is born with a
- single lower extremity or with two legs that are fused together. However,
- due to the wide range of possible physical deformities that can occur, no two
- cases of Sirenomelia Sequence are ever exactly the same.
-
- Symptoms
-
- Sirenomelia Sequence is characterized by irregular development of the lower
- limbs. The deformity appears at birth (congenital) usually as a single lower
- extremity or as two legs that are joined together. Accompanying
- malformations of the spine and skeletal system, with vertebrae either absent
- or defective commonly occur. The internal and external sex organs, rectum,
- kidneys and/or bladder may also be missing or underdeveloped. The rectal
- opening (anus) may be completely closed (imperforate), and other
- abnormalities of the lower gastrointestinal tract are often present.
-
- Causes
-
- The cause of Sirenomelia Sequence is unknown. It is believed to result from
- irregularities in early development of the blood circulating system (vascular
- system) within the embryo. Individuals with Sirenomelia Sequence have been
- found to have a single large artery arising from high in the abdominal cavity
- without the usual two umbilical arteries which normally branch out of the
- lower part of the aorta and carry blood to the tail (caudal) end of the
- embryo. The single artery present (called a "steal" vessel since it
- essentially steals blood from the lower portion of the embryo) diverts the
- flow of blood which normally circulates from the aorta (vitelline artery)
- through the umbilical arteries to lower points of the embryo, throughout the
- yolk sac and on to the placenta. Instead, the steal vessel redirects the
- blood flow to the placenta without ever reaching the tail (caudal) end of the
- embryo. As a result of this rerouted blood flow, the steal vessel also
- diverts nutrients away from the blood-deprived portion of the embryo.
- Arteries in this caudal area are underdeveloped and tissues dependent upon
- them for nutrient supply fail to develop, are malformed, or arrest their
- growth in some incomplete stage. In individuals with Sirenomelia, the lower
- limb bud of the embryo fails to divide into two legs.
-
- Affected Population
-
- Sirenomelia Sequence occurs once in every 60,000 to 100,000 births.
-
- Related Disorders
-
- Symptoms of the following disorder can be similar to those of Sirenomelia
- Sequence. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
-
- Caudal Regression Syndrome, also called Caudal Dysplasia Sequence, is
- characterized by abnormal development of the tail (caudal or distal) end
- region of the embryo. Abnormalities associated with Caudal Regression
- Syndrome may include incomplete development of the vertebrae, flattening of
- the buttocks, disruption of the distal spinal cord resulting in neurological
- impairment and an inability to control urination and bowel movement
- (incontinence). There may be extreme lack of growth in the caudal region.
- Less common abnormalities may include absence of kidneys, cleft lip, cleft
- palate, microcephaly and closed (imperforate) anus.
-
- Therapies: Standard
-
- Sirenomelia Sequence can be detected in a fetus during the second trimester
- of pregnancy by ultrasound. Recently, surgery has been successful in
- separating joined legs. In preparation for surgery, balloon-like tissue
- expanders are inserted under the skin. When they are filled with a salt
- solution over a period of time, the balloons expand making the skin stretch
- and grow. The excess skin is then used to cover the legs once they are
- separated.
-
- Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive. Prognosis depends on the
- extent of involvement of the gastrointestinal system, vertebrae and other
- structural deformities.
-
- Therapies: Investigational
-
- This disease entry is based upon medical information available through April
- 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every
- entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please
- check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current
- information about this disorder.
-
- Resources
-
- For more information on Sirenomelia Sequence, please contact:
-
- National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
- P.O. Box 8923
- New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
- (203) 746-6518
-
- NIH/National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
- 9000 Rockville Pike
- Bethesda, MD 20892
- (301) 496-5133
-
- For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please
- contact:
-
- March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
- 1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
- White Plains, NY 10605
- (914) 428-7100
-
- Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
- 35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
- Chevy Chase, MD 20815
- (800) 336-GENE
- (301) 652-5553
-
- References
-
- SMITH'S RECOGNIZABLE PATTERNS OF HUMAN MALFORMATION, 4th ed.: Kenneth Lyons
- Jones, M.D.; W.B. Saunders Company, 1988. Pp. 574-575.
-
- PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS OF SIRENOMELIA. M. Sitori et al.; J ULTRASOUND MED
- (February, 1989: issue 8 (2)). Pp. 83-88.
-
- SIRENOMELIA. ANGIOGRAPHIC DEMONSTRATION OF VASCULAR ANOMALIES. G.
- Malinger et al.; ARCH PATHOL LAB MED (July, 1982; issue 106 (7)). Pp. 347-
- 348.
-
- VASCULAR STEAL: THE PATHOGENETIC MECHANISM PRODUCING SIRENOMELIA AND
- ASSOCIATED DEFECTS OF THE VISCERA AND SOFT TISSUES. R.E. Stevenson et al.;
- PEDIATRICS (September, 1986: issue 78 (3)). Pp.451-457.
-
-